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EUR 50 - 221 St. Petersbourg Rataskaevu 7, 10123 Tallinn HKD 507 - 2,243 9.2 / 10 分数由 139 评语 Hidden in the beautiful Estonian Old Town of Tallinn, amid cobbled streets lined with medieval turrets, lies the opulent yet intimate haven of the Hot… More EUR 84 - 479 Swissotel Tallinn Tornimae 3, 10145 Tallinn HKD 854 - 4,862 9.175 / 10 分数由 205 评语 Swissôtel Tallinn is a deluxe hotel located in the heart of Tallinn, only a 10-minute drive from the airport. Being the tallest building in town, th… More EUR 129 - 294 Schlossle Hotel Puhavaimu 13/15, 10123 Tallinn HKD 1,306 - 2,984 9.1 / 10 分数由 17 评语 A unique and truly intimate atmosphere greets you as you step accross the threshold of the hotel, located at the centre of Tallinns medieval Old Town.… More EUR 98 - 550 Hotel Telegraaf Vene 9, 10123 Tallinn HKD 995 - 5,582 9.075 / 10 分数由 130 评语 This new, luxurious hotel, in the heart of the city, is housed in a characterful old building, once an exchange of the Estonian Telegraph Company. Re… More EUR 39 - 95 Classic Apartments Suur-Karja 18, 10146 Tallinn HKD 396 - 964 8.775 / 10 分数由 38 评语 These lovely, fully furnished apartments enjoy top locations in the old town and the city centre of Tallinn. The comfortable Classic Apartments provi… More EUR 82 - 215 Radisson BLU Hotel, Tallinn Rävala pst 3, 10143 Tallinn HKD 830 - 2,182 8.7 / 10 分数由 70 评语 The Radisson BLU Hotel, Tallinn is one of the most prestigious business hotels in Tallinn, perfectly located in the heart of the business, shopping an… More EUR 10 - 15 Tallinn Backpackers Olevimägi 11, 10123 Tallinn HKD 101 - 152 8.7 / 10 分数由 5 评语 Tallinn Backpackers is a hostel for those with true backpacker’s spirit: easy-going and the best place in town where you can meet other travellers a… More EUR 45 - 225 OldHouse Apartments Uus 26, 10111 Tallinn HKD 457 - 2,284 8.65 / 10 分数由 113 评语 OldHouse Apartments offers a selection of comfortable, individually furnished apartments of various sizes in the old town of Tallinn. All apartments … More EUR 73 - 199 Merchants House Hotel Dunkri 4/6, 10123 Tallinn HKD 741 - 2,020 8.65 / 10 分数由 213 评语 Steeped in local history, the Merchant’s House Hotel stands on a charming cobbled street just a few seconds walk from Tallinn’s beautiful and capt… More EUR 37 - 130 Hotel Rocca al Mare Vabaohumuuseumi tee 11/ Lillevalja 2, 13522 Tallinn HKD 376 - 1,319 8.625 / 10 分数由 226 评语 This new 4-star hotel is a true gem on the coast of the Baltic Sea and affords great views of the sea and the towers of the old town of Tallinn. The … More EUR 48 - 129 Hotel Bern Aia 10, 10111 Tallinn HKD 487 - 1,309 8.6 / 10 分数由 84 评语 It is here in the Old Town of Tallinn, where a warm welcome, a cosy atmosphere and modern accommodation are always awaiting your arrival. Hotel Bern i… More EUR 76 - 126 Nordic Hotel Forum Viru Väljak 3, 10111 Tallinn HKD 771 - 1,279 8.6 / 10 分数由 322 评语 Next to the heart of Tallinn´s attractive old town, Nordic Hotel Forum offers high-quality accommodation in a new and modern building. The hote… More EUR 69 - 109 Pikk 49 Residence Pikk 49, 10133 Tallinn HKD 700 - 1,106 8.525 / 10 分数由 13 评语 These luxury apartments enjoy a perfect location in fashionable Pikk Street in the heart of Tallinn’s medieval old town. Pikk 49 Residence is a bea… More EUR 51 - 95 Baltic Hotel Imperial Nunne 14, 10133 Tallinn HKD 518 - 964 8.5 / 10 分数由 79 评语 Highly personalised service and attention to details are trademarks of the Baltic Hotel Imperial, located in the Old town of Tallinn, at the foot of T… More EUR 37 - 149 Reval Hotel Olümpia Liivalaia 33, 10118 Tallinn HKD 373 - 1,512 8.475 / 10 分数由 221 评语 A landmark on the skyline of the Estonian capital, this hotel is situated right in the heart of Tallinn’s business centre. The medieval old town is … More EUR 37 - 97 Hotel L´ Ermitage Toompuiestee 19, 10137 Tallinn HKD 376 - 985 8.475 / 10 分数由 335 评语 Our hotel was built in 2004 and is directly located in the Old Town of Tallinn. Hotel L‘Ermitage, also called ´the palace´ or ´… More EUR 56 - 140 Meriton Grand Conference & Spa Hotel Paldiski mnt 8, 10149 Tallinn HKD 568 - 1,421 8.4 / 10 分数由 113 评语 Meriton Grand Conference & Spa Hotel is located in the very heart of Tallinn, close to the old town and the Estonian Parliament building. This elegan… More EUR 100 - 165 Savoy Boutique Hotel Suur-Karja 17/19, 10148 Tallinn HKD 1,012 - 1,675 8.4 / 10 分数由 39 评语 This small, exclusive and private hotel is perfectly located in the heart of Tallinn, in Old Town. You can rest in our stylish and comfortable rooms… More EUR 65 - 260 Sakala Residence Apartments Sakala 16, 10141 Tallinn HKD 660 - 2,639 8.3 / 10 分数由 15 评语 The Sakala Residence Apartments offer spacious and cost-effective accommodation, ideally situated in the centre of Tallinn and within walking distance… More EUR 39 - 89 Hotel Ülemiste Lennujaama tee 2, 11101 Tallinn HKD 396 - 903 8.275 / 10 分数由 103 评语 The brand new Ülemiste Hotel in Tallinn is conveniently located near city center at beautiful lake Ülemiste, just by five-minute drive to the histor… More EUR 32 - 116 Romeo Family Apartments Suur-Karja 18, apartment 38, 10149 Tallinn HKD 325 - 1,177 8.25 / 10 分数由 150 评语 Romeo Family Apartments is a small family apartment-hotel situated in the Old Town in the historical centre of Tallinn. Medieval churches and museums… More EUR 28 - 103 Uniquestay Mihkli Hotel Endla 23, 10122 Tallinn HKD 284 - 1,045 8.175 / 10 分数由 203 评语 This newly renovated hotel offers well appointed rooms just a pleasant ten minute walk from Tallinn´s charming ´old town´. The hote… More EUR 75 - 150 City Style Apartments Gonsiori 3, 10137 Tallinn HKD 761 - 1,522 8.175 / 10 分数由 9 评语 City Style Apartments LLC is a family-owned company and manages a variety of centrally located, lovingly renovated and spacious apartments in Tallinn.… More EUR 61 - 105 Sokos Hotel Viru Viru Väljak 4, 10111 Tallinn HKD 619 - 1,066 8.175 / 10 分数由 249 评语 The top floor rooms of this modern hotel, situated close to Tallinn´s historic ´old town´, enjoy views out over the Baltic Sea. You… More EUR 75 - 160 Barons Hotel Tallinn Suur-Karja 7/ Väike-Karja 2, 10140 Tallinn HKD 761 - 1,624 8.15 / 10 分数由 146 评语 In the heart of Tallinn´s attractive old town, Barons Hotel Tallinn offers high quality accommodation in a restored, historic building. All roo… More Page 1 2 3 下一个 »

 

塔林: Guide

}
|-
| 郡治 || 哈茹郡(Harju County)
|-
|-
| 市长 || Jüri Ratas
|-
| 面积
| 159.2 平方公里
|-
| 人口(2006年統計)
 - 人口密度
| 400,320
2,524/km²
|-
| 地理坐标
| 59°26' N 24°45' E
|-
|- align=center
| colspan="2" style="background:#ffffff;" |
塔林的位置
|}

塔林市(Tallinn)旧名日瓦尔（Reval），是爱沙尼亚共和国的首都和主要港口，位于爱沙尼亚北部波罗的海岸边，与芬兰首都赫尔辛基之间隔了80千米宽的芬兰湾。人口约四十万。

塔林古城在1997年被列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产。

字源學

"Tallinn(a)"的字源己被確定來自愛沙尼亞語，然而原義仍有爭論。通常認為名稱是源自"Taani-linn(a)"這字(意指 "丹麥語-城堡/城鎮")，也有人認為可能來自"tali-linna"("冬天-城堡/城鎮")，或 "talu-linna"("房屋/農莊-城堡/城鎮")。字根-linna，類似德语的-burg和斯拉夫語言的-grad，意指"城堡"，但僅用於城鎮名的後綴。

當1918年愛沙尼亞獨立的時候，Tallinna這個名字替換了早先的正式德語名Reval(俄语: Ревель)。在1920年代，城字名稱的正式拼法從Tallinna改為Tallinn，既然愛沙尼亞語的地名通常以母音結尾，這項改變使得新名字更加顯目。無論如何，對某些不屬於愛沙尼亞的人來說，這造成了某種混淆，Tallinna這個字仍然在現在的塔林市裏使用，因為字尾-a能標示属格(所以，塔林機場，就被寫成Tallinna Lennujaam)。

历史名称

塔林的德語和瑞典語舊名Reval(拉丁语: Revalia，古瑞典语: Räffle)源自13世纪鄰近州郡的愛沙尼亞語名字Rävala 。其他一些被記載下來的古代塔林地名包括它的愛沙尼亞语變体Lindanise、丹麥語寫成的Lyndanisse、瑞典語寫成的Lindanäs、古東斯拉夫語言寫成的Ledenets、和芬兰语寫成的Kesoniemi，而古東斯拉夫語言中的Kolyvan (Колывань)也是它的舊地名。

地理

塔林位于芬兰湾的南岸，爱沙尼亚北部。

塔林最大的湖泊是于莱米斯泰湖(9.6 平方千米)，是城市的主要饮用水源。第二大湖哈古湖(Lake Harku)面积1.6平方千米。与许多大城市不同，塔林唯一象样的河流位于塔林郊区的比力塔(Pirita)地區。其河谷因自然的湖光山色而被列為保護區。

一個石灰岩懸崖貫穿整個城市。塔林的最高点在城市西南部的諾姆爾(Nõmme)区，海拔64米。

塔林的海岸线有46千米长，有3个较大的半岛: 高普利半岛(Kopli)、巴扎斯薩爾半岛(Paljassaare)和卡古馬爾半岛(Kakumäe)。

历史

芬兰湾南岸相信在前2千年|公元前2千年已經有一群說波罗的-芬兰语系|波罗的-芬兰语支的部落在此定居。

1154年塔林被阿拉伯人製圖師穆罕默德·艾·伊迪利斯記錄在他的世界地图上。

作为与俄罗斯与斯堪的纳维亚贸易的主要港口，塔林成為了丹麦王国擴張的目標，於1219年後塔林由丹麦統治。

北方十字軍時期当地人皈依基督教。1285年该市成为汉萨同盟 - 一個北歐一些德国人城市的一個貿易與軍事同盟的北方成员。1345年丹麥將塔林和他們在愛沙尼亞北部的領地一同售予條頓騎士團。中世紀的塔林是戰略上一個重要的據點，是西歐、北歐與俄國之間貿易的交叉點。該市人口8,000人，由城牆和66個堡壘防禦。

With the start of the reformation the German influence became even stronger. In 1561 Tallinn became a 瑞典的領土。

During the Great Northern War the Swedish troops based in Tallinn capitulated to Imperial Russia in 1710, but the local Baltic German rulers retained their cultural and economical autonomy within 沙皇. The 19th century brought industrialization of the city and the port kept its importance. During the last decades of the century Russification became stronger.

1918年2月24日 the Independence Manifesto was read out in 塔林, followed by German occupation and a Estonian Liberation War|war of independence with Russia。1920年2月2日与苏联签订Treaty of Tartu|Tartu Peace Treaty，wherein Russia forever acknowledge the independence of 爱沙尼亚共和国。塔林成为首都。第二次世界大战期间爱沙尼亚首先在1940年－1941年被苏联占领，1941年－1944年又被纳粹德国占领，1944年再次被苏联占领。爱沙尼亚被强制Occupation of Baltic Republics|加入苏联加盟共和国，塔林成为爱沙尼亚苏维埃社会主义共和国的首都.

1980年夏季奥运会期间 a regatta was held at Pirita, north-east of central Tallinn. Many buildings, like hotel "Olümpia", the new Main Post Office building, and the Regatta Center, were built for the Olympics.

In August 1991 an independent democratic Estonian state was re-established and a period of quick development to a modern European capital ensued.

Tallinn has historically consisted of three parts:

the Toompea (Domberg) or "Cathedral Hill", which was the seat of the central authority, first the ruling bishops, then the Teutonic Order, then the Baltic German nobility; it is today the seat of the Estonian government and many embassies and residencies.
the Old Town, which is the old Hanseatic town, the "city of the citizens" - this was not administratively united with the Hill until the late 19世纪. It was the center of the medieval trade on which it grew prosperous.
the Estonian town forms a crescent to the south of the Old Town, where the Estonians came to settle. It was not until the mid-19th century that ethnic Estonians replaced the local Baltic Germans as the majority amongst the residents of Tallinn.

Historically, the city has been attacked, sacked, razed and pillaged on numerous occasions. Although extensively bombed by Soviet air forces during the latter stages of World War II, much of the medieval Old Town still retains its charm. The Tallinn Old Town became a UNESCO World Heritage Site|World Cultural Heritage site in 1997.

At the end of 15世纪 a new 159米高哥特式 spire was built for St_Olav_Tallinn | St. Olav's Church. Between 1549 and 1625 it was the List of tallest churches|tallest building in the world. After several fires and following rebuilding, its overall height is now 123 m.

行政区划

}
地方政府的目標是將塔林切成八個行政區 (爱沙尼亚语: linnaosad, sg. - linnaosa). The district governments are city institutions that fulfill, in the territory of their district, the functions assigned to them by Tallinn legislation and statutes.

Each district government is managed by an Elder (爱沙尼亚语: linnaosavanem). He or she is appointed by the City Government on the nomination of the Mayor and after having heard the opinion of the Administrative Councils. The function of the Administrative Councils is to recommend, to the City Government and Commissions of the City Council, how the districts should be administered.

人口

人口500,400 (2000), registered 401,694 (March 2005).

人口发展:

15th century: 8,000

1816: 12,000

1834: 15,300

1851: 24,000

1881: 45,900

1897: 58,800

1925: 119,800

1989: 500,000+

2000: 340,000

2005: 401,694

According to Eurostat, the statistical agency of the European Union, of all EU member states' capital cities, Tallinn has the largest number of non-EU nationals: 27.8% of its population are not EU citizens. This is because planned immigration from other 加盟共和国 苏联时代来了大批非爱沙尼亚人，大部分是俄罗斯人，来到塔林和爱沙尼亚北部其他地方。Many of these immigrants and their offspring have not received Estonian citizenship. Estonian nationality laws have sought to preserve a national identity, effectively excluding many ethnic Russians from automatic citizenship.

除了本土的爱沙尼亚语 (属于芬兰－乌戈尔语族，与芬兰语关系密切), 芬兰语、俄语和英语在塔林都有许多人能听懂。

经济

塔林除了长期以来的海港和首都功能以外，近年来信息技术得到很大发展；2005年12月13日的纽约时报形容爱沙尼亚是"波罗的海的硅谷"。Skype就是塔林最出名的IT创业公司之一。2005年，塔林成立的当地第一个风险投资公司。大部分IT企业都设立在Soviet地区的Institute of Cybernetics，该学院也被认为是爱沙尼亚计算机技术的主要孵化地之一。

教育

塔林拥有塔林科技大学和其他高等教育和科学机构包括:

塔林师范大学 (新名称塔林大学)
爱沙尼亚音乐学院
爱沙尼亚美术学院
爱沙尼亚 Academy of State Defence
爱沙尼亚路德会神学院
爱沙尼亚商业学校

旅游

独立以后，发达的航空和航海交通使爱沙尼亚与西欧连接更紧密，也使得塔林成为一个旅游城市。picturesque老城是联合国教科文组织世界遗产，吸引了许多游客。旅馆、餐厅等设施也得到了很大的发展。在旅游区广泛使用英语。

当地的交通系统也很发达（参见下文“城市交通”）。

爱沙尼亚独立后经济快速成长，这也导致了物价的上涨。尽管还称不上天价，但是已经远比其他前东欧国家高了。

当地的旅游办公室出售塔林卡（Tallinn Card）。持卡人可以免费搭乘当地公共交通、参观大部分景点。尽管价格上塔林卡和单独买票差别不大，使用塔林卡还是更为方便。

主要的景点是两个古城区（Lower Town以及Toompea）。古城区不大，步行就可以游览整个区域。城东的Pirita和Kadriorg也值得一游。Estonian Open Air Museum (Eesti Vabaõhumuuseum)位于城西，靠近Rocca al Mare，保存了爱沙尼亚乡村特色的文化和建筑。

Toompea

该区曾是爱沙尼亚贵族和主教, occupying an easily defensible site overlooking the surrounding districts. The major attractions are the walls and various bastions, the Russian Orthodox Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Tallinn|Alexander Nevsky Cathedral and the Lutheran Cathedral (Toomkirik).

Lower Town

This area is one of the best preserved old towns in Europe and the authorities are continuing its rehabilitation after years of neglect. The "must see" sights include Raekoja Plats (Town Hall square), the town walls and towers (notably "Fat Margaret" and "Kiek in de Kök") and St Olaf church tower (124 metres).

Kadriorg

This is 2 kilometres east of the centre and is served by buses and trams. The former palace of Peter the Great now houses (part of) the Estonian Museum of Art and the surrounding grounds include formal gardens and woodland.

Pirita

This coastal district is a further 2 kilometres north-east of Kadriorg. The marina was built for the 1980 Summer Olympics|Moscow Olympics of 1980, but for the less capable, boats can be hired on the Pirita river. Two kilometres inland are the Botanic Gardens and the Tallinn TV Tower|Tallinn television tower.

交通

市内交通

公共汽车、有轨电车、无轨电车组成了一个能够到达所有地区的交通网。车票价格合理，而且可以使用月票。乘客可以预先在街边的售票亭购买车票，也可以上车后向司机买票（但是这种票价稍贵）。上车后，车票必须使用车上的工具标注为已使用过的。塔林卡也可以用来搭乘公共交通。

航空

塔林机场距离Raekoja Plats (市政厅广场)大约4公里。有公共汽车连接机场和城市。

多个航空公司(例如, EasyJet, Estonian Air, Finnair, KLM, LOT Polish Airlines|LOT, Lufthansa以及Scandinavian Airlines System|SAS) 提供塔林到其他欧洲城市的航线，包括阿姆斯特丹、柏林、布鲁塞尔、哥本哈根、伦敦、基辅、米兰、莫斯科和斯德哥尔摩。

此外，Copterline还提供每小时一班的塔林——赫尔辛基直升机航线，单程票价189欧元。广告称这是世界上最快的首都至首都交通工具。如果提早预约，最低可以获得50欧元或更低的票价。Copterline直升机的起降低点位于Linnahall，靠近老城区。

铁路和公路

Edelaraudtee铁路公司开行塔林到Tartu, Valga, Türi, Viljandi, Tapa, Narva, Orava, Estonia|Orava和Pärnu的火车。汽车可以到达爱沙尼亚的所有地方，以及俄罗斯的圣彼得堡和拉脱维亚的里加。EVR Ekspress 公司每天开行塔林和莫斯科之间的国际卧铺列车。

塔林 also has a commuter rail service running from 塔林的主要火车站 (Balti jaam) in two main directions: east (Aegviidu) and to several western destinations (Pääsküla, Keila, Riisipere, Paldiski, Klooga). These are electrified lines and are used by the Elektriraudtee railroad company. The trains are a mixture of modernised older Soviet EMU's and newly built units. The first electrified train service in Tallinn was opened in 1924 from Tallinn to Pääsküla, a distance of 11.2 千米.

The Via Baltica motorway (part of European route E67 from 赫尔辛基到布拉格) connects 塔林 to 立陶宛/波兰 边界。

Frequent and affordable long-distance bus routes connect Tallinn with other parts of Estonia.

轮渡

Several ferry operators, Viking Line, Silja Line, Linda Line Express, Tallink and others, connect 塔林to
赫尔辛基 (芬兰)
斯德哥尔摩 (瑞典)
Åland (芬兰)
圣彼得堡 (俄罗斯)
罗斯托克 (德国)

:参见: 波罗的海港口

The most popular passenger lines connect Tallinn to Helsinki (approximately 80 kilometres north of Tallinn) in less than one hour and twenty minutes by hydrofoil or 4 hours by conventional ferry. The fares are reasonably priced.

友好城市

}

参见

塔林电视塔
塔林名人

参考

Mark Landler, , 纽约时报, December 13, 2005
Seth Sherwood, , 纽约时报, Januar 22, 2006

外部链接

on Wikitravel

This "Travel Guide" section is drawn from the Wikipedia article "塔林". We hope you will edit and improve it. It is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.