Government

Sarajevo is the capital of the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its sub-entity, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as of the Sarajevo Canton. Each of these levels of government has their parliament or council, as well as judicial courts, in the city. Because of this concentration of power, many foreign embassy|embassies are located in Sarajevo.

The city is comprised of four High Representative's “High Judicial and Prosecutorial Councils”.

Sarajevo's Municipalities are further split into "local communities" (Bosnian, Mjesne zajednice). Local communities have a small role in city government and are intended as a way for ordinary citizens to get involved in city government. They are based around key city neighborhoods.

Demographics

The last official Stari Grad, with 742 inhabitants per square kilometer.Sarajevo Canton. About Canton. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.

War changed the ethnic and religous profile of the city. While it had long been known as a multicultural city,Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, US Department of State. International Religious Freedom Report 2005. Retrieved on 5 August 2006. or Europe's Jerusalem,Stilinovic, Josip (January 03 2002). Catholic World News. Retrieved on 5 August 2006. Muslim Bosniaks returned to form an even greater proportion of people. In 1991 Bosniaks formed 50% of the population, followed by Eastern Orthodox Serbs with 28%, and Roman Catholic Croats with 7%. However, in 1997 Bosniaks formed 87% of the population, with Serbs at 5% and Croats at 6%. Crucible of War: A Journey Back to the Balkans. Retrieved on 5 August 2006. If the East Sarajevo (Republika Srpska) population were to be included (130,000, mostly Serbs), the Bosniak Muslims would still have an absolute majority, followed by Serbs at around 33% of the overall population.

Economy

After decades of communism and years of war, Sarajevo's economy has been subject to reconstruction and rehabilitation programs.European Commission & World Bank. The EC reconstruction programme for Bosnia and Herzegovina detailed by sector. Retrieved on 5 August 2006. Amongst other economic landmarks, the Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina opened in Sarajevo in 1997 and the Sarajevo Stock Exchange began trading in 2002. The city's large manufacturing, administration, and tourism base, combined with a large informal market,CIA (2006). CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 5 August 2006. makes it one of the strongest economic regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

While Sarajevo had a large industrial base during its communist period, only a few pre-existing businesses made the successful transition to the capitalist economy. Sarajevo industries now include tobacco products, furniture, hosiery, automobiles, and communication equipment. Companies based in Sarajevo include B&H Airlines (Formerly Air Bosna), BH Telecom, Bosmal City Center, Bosnalijek, Energopetrol, Sarajevo Tobacco Factory, and Sarajevska Pivara (Sarajevo Brewery).

Sarajevo has a strong tourist industry and was named by Bjelašnica, Igman, Jahorina, Trebevic|Trebević, and Treskavica. Sarajevo's 600 years of history, influenced by both Western and Eastern empires, is also a strong tourist attraction. Sarajevo has hosted travellers for centuries, because it was an important trading center during the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman and Austria-Hungary|Austria-Hungarian empires. Examples of popular destinations in Sarajevo include the Vrelo Bosne park, the Cathedral of Jesus' Heart|Sarajevo cathedral, and the Gazi Husrev-beg's Mosque.

Communications and media

As the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo is the main center of the country's News media|media. Most of the communications and media infrastructure was destroyed during the war but reconstruction led by the Office of the High Representative have helped modernize the industry.European Journalism Centre (November 2002). European Media Landscape. Retrieved on 5 August 2006. For example, internet was first made available to the city in 1995.Vockic-Avdagic, Jelenka. in Spassov, O. and Todorov Ch. (eds.) (2003), New Media in Southeast Europe. SOEMZ, European University "Viadrina" (Frankfurt - Oder) and Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski".

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The Public Broadcast Service of Bosnia and Herzegovina is Sarajevo's public television station, one of three in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Other stations based in the city include NRTV “Studio 99”, NTV Hayat, Open Broadcast Network, TV Kantona Sarajevo and Televizija Alfa. Many small independent radio stations exist, included established stations such as Radio M, Radio Grad (Radio Old Town), eFM Student Radio, Radio 202 and RSG. Radio Free Europe, as well as several American and West European stations, are available in the city, as well.

Transportation

Sarajevo's location in a valley between mountains make it a compact city. Narrow city streets and a lack of parking areas restrict automobile traffic but allow better pedestrian and cyclist mobility. The two main streets are Titova street and the east-west Zmaj od Bosne (Husein Gradaščević|Dragon of Bosnia) highway. The trans-European highway, Corridor 5C, runs through Sarajevo connecting it to Budapest in the north, and Ploce in the south.Bosmal. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.

Electric tramways, in operation since 1885, are the oldest form of public transportation in the city. There are seven tramway lines supplemented by four trolleybus lines and numerous bus routes. The main railroad station in Sarajevo is located in the north-central area of the city. From there, the tracks head west before branching off in different directions, including to the industrial sector.

Sarajevo International Airport is located just a few kilometers southwest of the city. During the war the airport was used for United Nations flights and humanitarian relief. Since the Dayton Accord in 1996, the airport has welcomed a thriving commercial flight business which includes B&H Airlines, Austrian Airlines, Alitalia, Aero Flight, Lufthansa, Jat Airways, Croatia Airlines, and others. In 2004, 397,000 passengers had traveled through Sarajevo airport, whereas only 25,000 had just 8 years earlier in 1996.Krkic, Zahid Retrieved on 5 August 2006.

Culture

Sarajevo has been home to many different ethnicities and religions for centuries, giving the city a range of diverse cultures. Muslim Bosnians, Eastern Orthodox Serbs, Catholic Croats, Jews, and Slovenians all share the city while maintaining distinctive identities.

The city is rich in museums, including the Museum of Sarajevo, the Ars Aevi|Ars Aevi Museum of Contemporary Art, the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina (established in 1888 and home to the Sarajevo Haggadah), the Historical Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Museum of Literature and Theatre Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The city also hosts the National theatre of Bosnia and Herzegovina, established in 1919, as well as the Sarajevo Youth Theatre. Other cultural institutions include the Center for Sarajevo Culture, Sarajevo City Library, Art Gallery of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Bosniak Institute, a privately owned library and art collection focusing on Bosniak history.

Demolitions associated with the war,Perlez, Jane (12 August 1996). New York Times. as well as reconstruction, destroyed several institutions and cultural or religious symbols including the Gazi Husrev-beg library, the national library, the Sarajevo Oriental Institute, and a museum dedicated to the 1984 Olympic games. Consequently, the different levels of government estblished strong cultural protection laws and institutions. Bodies charged with cultural preservation in Sarajevo include the Institute for the Protection of the Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina (and their Sarajevo Canton counterpart), and the Bosnia and Herzegovina Commission to Preserve National Monuments.

Historically, Sarajevo was home to several famous Bosnian poets and thinkers during the Ottoman Empire. Nobel Prize winner Vladimir Prelog is from the city, as was academy award winning director Danis Tanovic. Nobel Prize winner Ivo Andric spent much of his life in Sarajevo.

The Sarajevo Film Festival, established in 1995, has become the premier film festival in the Balkans. The Sarajevo Winter Festival, Sarajevo Jazz Festival are well-known, as are the Bašćaršija Nights, a month-long showcase of local culture, music, and dance.

The Sarajevo school of pop rock developed in the city between 1961 and 1991. This type of music began with bands like Indexi, Bijelo dugme and singer/song writer Kemal Monteno. It continued into the 1980s, with bands such as Plavi orkestar, Zabranjeno pušenje and Crvena jabuka, ending with the war in 1992.

Sports

FK Željezničar, which both compete in European and international cups and tournaments, as well as KK Bosna Sarajevo won the European championship in 1979. The chess club, Bosna Sarajevo, has been a championship team since the 1980s.

Sarajevo often holds international events and competitions in sports such as tennis and kickboxing. Rock climbing is popular; not far from the CBD is the climbing center Dariva, managed by extreme climbing club Red Point.
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Education

Higher education has a long tradition in Sarajevo. The first university in Sarajevo was a school of Sufi philosophy established by Gazi Husrev-beg in 1531; numerous other religious schools have been established over time. In 1887, under the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a Sharia|Sharia Law School began a five-year program. In the 1940s the University of Sarajevo became the city's first secular higher education institute. In the 1950s postgraduate studies first became available. While the university was severely damaged during the war, reconstruction was done in partnership with more than 40 universities. As of 2005, Sarajevo has 46 elementary schools (Grades 1–9) and 33 high schools (Grades 10–13), including three special needs schools.Sarajevo Canton, 2000 (pdf). Sarajevo 2000, p107–08.

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See also