格拉茨: Guide

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格拉茨 (斯洛文尼亚语: Gradec), 奥地利第二大城市，斯泰尔马克州府所在地。中欧重镇。位于阿尔卑斯山南。

4所大学，两所应用技术学院，逾5万人口为学生。在格拉茨短暂的信义宗时期, Eggenberg founded the Paradies or Lutheran school in 1540, in which Johannes Kepler later taught.

城市位于穆尔河畔, 位于奥地利东南。 Archduke Charles II of Inner Austria had 20,000 Protestant books burned in the square of what is now a mental hospital, and succeeded in returning Styria to the authority of Rome. Nikola Tesla studied electrical engineering at the Polytechnic in Graz in 1875. Nobel Laureate Otto Loewi taught at the university from 1909 until 1938. Erwin Schrödinger was briefly chancellor of the University of Graz in 1936. Soon thereafter, a small concentration camp was set up nearby (a sub-camp of Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp|Mauthausen) and Schrödinger fled.

其名格拉茨Graz得自斯洛文尼亚语“城堡" grad; gradec则义为“小城堡”. 格拉茨是围绕城堡山(Schlossberg)修建的. The first mention of it under its present name is in a document of A.D. 881, after which its stronghold became the residence of the rulers of the surrounding district, known later as Styria. The privileges of its ancient charter were confirmed by the Habsburg Rudolph I of Habsburg|Rudolph I in 1281. With a strategic location at the head of the open and fertile Mur valley, Graz was often assaulted (unsuccessfully), e.g. by the Hungarians under Matthias Corvinus in 1481, and by the Ottoman Turks in 1529 and 1532.

From the earlier part of the 15th century Graz was the residence of the younger branch of the Habsburgs, which succeeded to the imperial throne in 1619 in the person of Emperor Ferdinand II. New fortifications were constructed at the end of the 16th century, but, following the defeat of Austria by Napoleonic forces at the Battle of Wagram in 1809, the fortifications were demolished using explosives, as stipulated in the peace terms of 1815. The belltower and the civic clock tower, often used as the symbol of Graz, were allowed to survive this fate after the people of Graz paid a ransom for their preservation.

近年来格拉茨兴建了一些新的公共建筑. 最出名的是英国建筑师彼得·库克 和 科林·傅里涅设计的格拉茨艺术馆"Kunsthaus" ，紧邻穆尔河。穆尔岛， "Murinsel" ，位于穆尔河中，为美国建筑师Vito Acconci的作品，其中有咖啡厅、露天剧场和游戏场地。

奥地利作曲家Olga Neuwirth出生于此。指挥 Nikolaus Harnoncourt出生于柏林，成长于此。目前的加州州长施瓦辛格 有时称自己为格拉茨人, 虽然他出生于距城市2千米的农业小镇Thal。第一位奥地利一级方程式大赛冠军 Jochen Rindt 由其祖母在格拉茨养大。

1999年，格拉茨城历史中心(City of Graz-Historic Centre)登录世界文化遗产名录，其历史肌理的完整保存部分地得益于1970年代早期公众对当时的古城再开发计划的强烈抗议。
1998年，格拉茨获选“2003欧洲文化之都”。

友好城市

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